Jysk Porter 5 Forces Essay Example

Jysk Porter 5 Forces Paper For the outer investigation I will do a Porter 5-Force examination on the Micro condition of JYSK on the Chinese market. First I need to examine the Industry contenders, so the contention. On the off chance that we investigate the Chinese market, we can see that there is now a wild rivalry going available. Local and remote retailers like IKEA or Wal-Mart have effectively fruitful entered the market. The number will increment continually, in light of the fact that everyone needs a bit of the cake. In the event that we take a gander at the passage advertise for JYSK, that would be Shanghai, so there is as of now an enormous furniture community. There is no idea like JYSK up until this point, however a large portion of the sections they serve are as of now secured, similar to sleeping cushions. The Chinese market experiences copyright infringement; there is no uniqueness because of that. Next I need to view the potential participants. When all is said in done there are no large passage boundaries; it’s simple to enter the market. Expenses hush up low. The sorts of ideas you can offer are restricted, there is no establishment retail chain available yet. We will compose a custom paper test on Jysk Porter 5 Forces explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Jysk Porter 5 Forces explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Jysk Porter 5 Forces explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer IKEA is comparative, yet unique in light of the fact that it’s a self-administration shop. The benefit of being a celebrated European chain is no bit of leeway in china any progressively, Chinese are brand fixed, however they don’t know European brands available that much. For the potential contestants there is to make reference to, that nearly the entire world needs to join the Chinese market and there is and there will be considerably more amateurs. Next I need to view the substitutes. Substitutes don't exist because of the uniqueness of the item level. It’s practically difficult to substitute a bedding, obviously you can utilize an inflatable cushion, however the potential substitutes are not worth to be referenced. The large issue is the Chinese patent framework, in light of the fact that there is none, the market experiences written falsification. Next I need to view the purchasers and there Power. The haggling intensity of furniture purchasers in china is really low. Furniture makes less noteworthiness for purchasing desire. More often than not Chinese don’t even get it without anyone else because of an absence of time. In the event that we consider exchanging costs in that portion, they are low. It’s difficult to tie the client, in light of the fact that the items JYSK deals are interchangeable with no exchanging costs and the conceivable outcomes will be significantly more later on. Because of that the dealing power developments. Chinese are open and all around educated however very brand fixed, it is simpler to attach them with a brand than an item. The purchasers are value delicate, they need more for less. It’s imperative to think about national uncommon highlights, ike not utilizing a few hues (yellow) in light of their exceptional importance. Purchasers need hard sleeping cushions and due to the quick changing ages the pattern of bed-material and duvets will be change also. Next I need to view the providers. There is as of now a furious rivalry going on at the neighborhood provider showcase, large scale manufacturing of less quality is gliding the market. Route less expensive th an JYSK items. The huge number of makers pushed the haggling intensity of the Chinese furniture industry providers. End: Porter’s 5 Forces has demonstrated that the Chinese furniture advertise is growing very quick and changing constantly and because of this experiences various conditions (e. g. changing client needs/less crude materials). Centering the smaller scale level it must be expressed that the market is characterized by escalated rivalry because of contention in overcoming pieces of the pie. While entering the market is nothing in the manner, organizations must be fairly mindful so as to forestall copyright infringement and adhered to what they are acceptable at. Maintain their emphasis on the brand and less at the assortment of the items in light of the fact that the Chinese market offers each item as of now way less expensive.

The 2012 London Olympic Games Human Resource Management

Presentation The 2012 London Olympic games is a worldwide occasion, which unites the world, however it likewise mirrors a nation’s coeffective synchronization all through its arranging and fruitful acknowledgment of its targets and the fearlessness to support and fit all gatherings related with the event.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on The 2012 London Olympic Games Human Resource Management explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is additionally an occasion that has quickly built up an impressive commitment to organizations and other relaxation related exercises that coordinates all types of the travel industry at a broad level. The greatness of the occasion accompanies the expanded development of both government and corporate contribution, which further entangles the condition that presently requires a significant level of reverberation from the Olympic advisory group and occasion supervisors who ought to recognize and adjust with a more extensive scope of partners so as to carry a feeling of parity to their necessities and primary goals (Iryna 2009, p.10). Therefore, Human Resource Management (HRM) in any objective situated association ought to be profoundly worried about how to make sure about and arrange the different sorts of assets that assesses offices, materials, funds, and individuals, who are the most basic yet the most risky gathering since they speak to the human asset. The condition that encompasses the groundwork for the Olympic occasion is such a difficult assignment since it manages a bunch of both strategic concerns and a different group of people, and thus, the HRM procedure is a powerful method of planning and arranging the occasion effectively by giving a basic look on the general Olympic setting and gaining from past slip-ups saw in other past occasions of a similar size. Since the Olympic games is a hotly anticipated occasion and an exceptionally evaluated occasion, it’s constantly pruden t to deliberately take note of the significance of faculty the executives through the managerial capacities it incorporates in both standard and conventional implies that move in the direction of carrying worker inspiration and fulfillment with things, for example, rewards, rewards, remuneration, and the review of work obligations. Therefore, HRM rehearses are plentifully converged with faculty organization to shape work gatherings and viable procedures that will address any difficulties that may emerge over the span of occasion arranging and occupation creation which are only a portion of the essential helpers paving the way to the occasion (Chelladurai Alberto 2006 p. 65).Advertising Looking for report on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A viable HRM practice ought to is relied upon to subsequently enlist, arrange and train great workers who are either utilized calmly or briefly, so as to familiari ze them with the essential goals and focuses on that require the satisfactory utilization of time and assets (Wilton 2010, p.165). The changing arrangements in HRM system and inner practices in the modernized world is progressively distinguishable when successfully executing business technique since the occasion likewise targets making benefit, while displaying brightness in its administration arranging. An exceptional thought ought to in this manner be given to the individuals, who are normally the ones who convert the various components of the Olympic procedure into ‘real’ assets that can be worked upon. In this manner, a cautious method of managing the workforce ought to be perceptive of their privileges, needs and qualities (Lynn, 2006, p.16). For example, types of gear and offices, for example, a PC, b-ball, and an ice arena are just creative when they are ably utilized for their motivation in a proper way. Consequently, from this point of view, the 2012 London Oly mpic Games Committee should consolidate various highlights that are generally imparted to other not-for-profit affiliations that have comprehensive qualities of the run of the mill donning segment in the broadest way, while additionally inferring qualities and principle social highlights that explicitly relate the Olympic development and soul. The HRM practice for the Olympic Games ought to be exceptionally organized since it is a bundle of a wide scope of items that incorporates products and ventures, which are essential to the occasion that ought to likewise join a raised thought into transport, administration, food, lines, tickets, nature, security, and the occasion stocks. As it were, the job of vital HRM is profoundly stressed and the significance of its fitting with the outside condition (Chelladurai Alberto 2006, p 31-65). Along these lines, the general occasion item should be an incomparable mix of exercises which are the operational devices for greatest accomplishment of th e much looked for after fulfillment, needs, and points of the Olympic occasion upon its affectation and end. The 2012 London Olympic occasion should then meet all the vital human needs at all levels which is working together with the administration of HR. By doing this, the HRM practices will understand a basic procedure of item making arrangements for its primary goals, while likewise giving an ideal encounter to the crowd and the world at large.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on The 2012 London Olympic Games Human Resource Management explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More As an autonomous Human Resource Consultant, the accompanying standpoints will help direct the UK Olympic advisory group for the 2012 games on some basic concerns and proposition that will help produce solidarity among the group that contains a great many easygoing and impermanent staff. The Human Resource Planning and Recruitment Process The fundamental reason for the Olympic boar d is to officially perceive the primary motivation behind the occasion while likewise observing the advancement towards understanding these objectives, and the advisory group individuals ought to be dependable on issues managing money, promoting, creation, tasks, and staffing. The HRM procedure depicts substantially more than simply the choice a d enlistment of staff and chips in and the Olympic board of trustees ought to consequently choose a profoundly capable in-line supervisors and chiefs who groups a model involvement with such assignments so they will continually be their hands, eyes, and ears on the ground so as to administer the establishment of the general venture while effectives managing the work force who are generally instrumental at this stage(Chelladurai Alberto, 2006, p. 31-65). The Human Resource (HR) supervisors ought to be entrusted with the power to coordinate the exercises of the individuals in their specializations and some other assistance territories that are interrelated. In spite of the fact that the position they forces accompany the capability of their expected set of responsibilities inside the HR office, they ought not over-apply their suggested power and critical choices should just be left with the advisory group individuals. Each departmental director ought to likewise synchronize staff exercises with the end goal of an utilitarian power which will guarantee that the HR strategies and practices are successfully actualized. In any case, so as to meet the accompanying commitments in regards to solidarity requirement, the Olympic council ought to incorporate different partners and social accomplices to consecutively address matters managing their proficiency and cost-adequacy. Structure and usage of a staffing arrangement This approach ought to empower fairness in the staff recruiting process and will underline on a careful assessment of occupation up-and-comers and extensively sticking to their scholastic or ability capabilities before they are employed. This dispenses with nepotism and different types of defilement related with the procedure and altogether advance an assorted pool of requests for employment. The potential up-and-comers are additionally required to embrace different individual tests that will affirm their appropriateness. This acquires polished skill, proficiency, and believability inside the associations as simply the best will be thought of. It will likewise enable the procedure to adhere to its morals by taking out unsatisfactory meeting questions.Advertising Searching for report on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Notwithstanding, this approach can meet its maximum capacity if the employing choices consider the degree of degree to which the competitors show through their past activities the qualities essential to the project’s theory that empowers different working environment relationship (Burke Copper 2005, p. 161). This is procedure stands apart to be generally essential since it will put an unavoidable state of mind in general occasion which is probably going to be related to both neighborhood and universal partners. This procedure will guarantee that the most skilful and well skilled people are picked without holding fast to the different elements of segregation that may go from race, ethnicity, age, culture, economic wellbeing, sexual direction, ethnicity, religion, language, and some other type of assumption. The choice procedure ought not remove any people ready to chip in on the occasion venture and should follow up on uniting different gatherings since its one of the principle destinations of the entire occasion. The employing procedure ought to likewise be all around organized and helpful for ideal meeting preparing frameworks with a meeting board managing the enlist procedure with suitable occupation obligation that is important with ones calling and capabilities (Wilton 2010, p. 153). All in all, decent variety in this procedure is an initial move towards making a comprehensive workplace that will in the long run rouse representatives, improve the relational aptitudes of staff individuals, while empowering innovativeness and exhaustive development. So as to cultivate nearby solidarity that will in the long run pass onto the staff, the enlistment procedure ought to likewise eng

How to Stop Procrastinating

How to Stop Procrastinating Stress Management Management Techniques Time Management Print How to Stop Procrastinating By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 Paul Bradbury/Getty Images More in Stress Management Management Techniques Time Management Physical Techniques Relaxation Effects on Health Situational Stress Job Stress Household Stress Relationship Stress Never do today what you can put off for tomorrow. Better yet, never put off til tomorrow what you can avoid altogether! I dont know who coined these phrases, but they must have been a depressive. The symptoms that we face, such as fatigue and hopelessness, make it so easy to say to ourselves, Ill just put this off until tomorrow when I feel better. Before we know it, that deadline is creeping up on us and were starting to panic. Whats the best way to deal with panic? Hide your head in the sand and hope it goes away! Not really, but procrastination an easy habit to fall into and as the panic mounts, so does the depression. The more depressed we get, the more we avoid reality. Why We Procrastinate Why do we fall into the procrastination trap time after time? It may bring some temporary relief, but we eventually wake up the following day and find that no brownies have dropped in overnight and done our work for us. Procrastination becomes a wayâ€"no matter how maladaptiveâ€"of coping with the emotions and physical symptoms that accompany depression. Which style of procrastination fits you? Organizing thoughts and actions and keeping on track with plans is difficult. (People with ADD/ADHD may fall into this category.)Tasks seem overwhelming so its futile to even try.Hostile feelings towards someone cause you to want to punish them by putting things off.Routine and schedule cause you to feel rebellious.You fear disapproval. These procrastination styles can overlap in one of four themes: Self-Doubt - These people feel there are rigid standards about how thing ought to be done and they fear they will fail. They second-guess themselves and delay taking action.Discomfort Dodging - This person avoids activities that will cause them distress, discomfort or anxiety. Rather ironically, the act of dodging the activity doesnt make it go away so tensions mount because of this avoidance.Guilt-Driven - The person feels guilt over tasks undone, but rather than correct the original lack of action continues to procrastinate in order to not face up to the guilt feelings.Habitual - The person has procrastinated so many times, it becomes an ingrained response. The person no longer thinks about why they do it, they feel its just a part of themselves. It becomes an automatic response to say, This is too hard, Im too tired, or to laugh it off as a character flaw. Once you recognize your style of procrastination, you can take steps to stop it. Time Management Tips One of the most important things you can do for yourself is to get organized. Make lists, take a class in organization, or purchase an organizer. Do whatever works for you. One word of advice: follow the KISS principle (Keep it Simple, Stupid). If your organization system is too complicated, it will become just another task to avoid. Heres my own system. You are welcome to use it if it works for you. How to Streamline Your Schedule If Youre Too Busy Make a list of what needs to get done. This can be listed in no particular order and will give you a handle on just what you need to accomplish.Prioritize these. One way of doing this is by deadlines. Arrange them in order of when they are due. You may also choose to rank them by how important it is to get them done. For example, paying your bills on time may be more important to you than cleaning out your closets. Do that first.Get yourself a calendar with room to write notes in.Take whats at the top of your priority list and determine how long it will take to accomplish it. If its a quick task, put that down to be done the current day. If it will take a longer time, divide it into smaller tasks to be spread out over several days. Write this in your calendar with specific dates for accomplishing each. Include your deadline for completion of this task on your calendar as well.Keep filling your calendar until you have a time set aside to do each item while still meeting your deadlines . Be careful to not overbook yourself and allow plenty of time for delays. This will allow you to feel confident that you can accomplish all you need to in the time you have. Now you can relax and work on one item at a time without feeling you have to do it all at once. Bite Off Only What You Can Chew Ever notice how broken up large shopping malls are? Lots of twists and turns, levels, and side corridors? Theres a very good reason for this. If malls were laid out straight we could see just how far we are really walking. If we actually knew how far apart stores are, we would probably leave the mall, get in our cars and drive from store to store. By having our view broken up into small chunks, we feel as if its a smaller distance. This same psychological trick can be used to help us overcome procrastination. Break large projects up into smaller tasks. For example, doing your taxes can be broken up into: pick up necessary forms, get records organized, fill in forms, double check forms for accuracy and mail. It wont seem nearly so burdensome if you take a small bit at a time. Just Do It Next time you catch yourself saying, I can do this later, think Nike. Just do it! Push on through the feelings and do it now. The feeling you get when you finish will be so much better than any relief you get from putting it off. Schedule Reward Time As you go work through your tasks, you may find your mind drifting off to all the activities youd rather be doing. You will find it much easier to concentrate on your work if you know that you have scheduled time for reward activities. Tell yourself, I will work hard today accomplishing my goals because tomorrow is Saturday and I have scheduled a time to go fishing. Knowing that you have finished your tasks will also make it easier to relax and enjoy your leisure time. And delaying your reward until a certain amount of time has elapsed, during which you will have crossed things off your to-do list, can be very effective. Anxiety Busters Does the thought of performing a certain task fill you will anxiety? First, try this: Inhale deeply while counting five heartbeats (you may check this easily by feeling your pulse).Exhale as you count five heartbeats. You should notice after each breath that your heart rate is actually slowing and you are feeling less tense. Now, do something, no matter how small. Just make a start. The very act of accomplishing something will ease your anxiety. Stress Relievers If You Have a Packed Schedule Change Your Expectations Perfectionism and feelings that things  should  be a certain way, can be stumbling blocks to beating procrastination. Next time you catch yourself using language like should or must, evaluate if these are only restrictions you are imposing on yourself or they backed up by the reality of the situation. Perfectionistic thinking:  I must get an A on this paper or Ill be a total failure. Theres just so much work to do. Ill wait until tomorrow when I am feeling better and can do a better job. Reality:  Not doing your work now will lead to a sloppy, rushed job just before your deadline and will leave you feeling too anxious and depressed to do a proper job. Coping Strategy:  Look at why you are procrastinating. Does the thought of failing make you feel anxious? Take  deep breaths, replace your negative thoughts of failure with thoughts of your previous academic successes, and select a smaller task (such as preparing a bibliography) to begin chipping away at. Mental Tricks to Give You Momentum If you have several small items to do which are directly related to the project at hand, do these first. Even though you have some larger tasks left, psychologically it feels as if you have less to do when the list isnt so long. It gives you a feeling that you have accomplished something. Just remember, it must be a task that is relevant to accomplishing your goal. Raking the leaves may be a quick and easy task, but if what you really need to accomplish is a big term paper, you wont be helping yourself. When you have accomplished a task, mark it out on your list with a pen. It gives you visual confirmation that you are getting somewhere. Again, this gives you a psychological boost. Sometimes I feel as if Im getting nothing done, but when I look over whats marked out I see Ive actually done quite a bit. Im just constantly adding new tasks. The Best Laid Plans Remember, if something can go wrong, it will. Allow yourself more than adequate time to finish each task. If you do not need all the time youve allowed, you will be able to progress ahead of schedule. This will be a psychological boost to you. At the very least, you wont be left rushed to finish. Dont panic if you get behind schedule. If youve allowed yourself extra time each day, you will simply shift everything forward until you catch up. The key is to leave yourself room to be flexible. What if you really dont have time to finish everything? Get creative. Request extensions on deadlines, get help from friends and relatives, delegate tasks to others, drop non-essential items from your schedule (the world wont end if you cant redecorate before your mother-in-law visits), or hire outside help. You wont find many situations that cant be solved somehow once you let your expectations change about how it should be. Want to Be More Productive and Confident? Develop a Morning Routine

The Debate over Global Warming - 1406 Words

The last time our planet sustained temperatures as high as the present, was millions of years ago when dinosaurs roamed Earth. Civilization has greatly progressed since then in areas such as technology and the arts, but with this development comes an increased standard of living for humans. In order to keep up with the industry and production of this age, our population releases environmentally harmful substances like greenhouse gases into the air every day. In recent decades’ findings, these substances have been found to trap heat in the atmosphere over time, contributing to global warming. To cut these emissions completely would bankrupt the world’s struggling, industry-dependent economy. Knowing that this isn’t a threat that will peak in our life time or even the next generation’s causes political progression to move slowly. If we misinterpret the climate change now when it’s shifting more noticeably, the time available to effectively respond to the issue could end. In order to react appropriately to the world’s changing climate, we must educate members of society in the distinct knowledge that humans have direct influence on the warming of the planet. The fundamental disagreement when arguing about global warming is whether or not humans have an impact on the process, and if so, to what extent. Essentially people have different answers to this question because there is no universally established frame of reference to view the data. In the article â€Å"The Nature of ScienceShow MoreRelatedThe Debate Over Global Warming1499 Words   |  6 PagesThe global warming debate has been at the top of the list for environmentalists increasingly over the last twenty years. The controversy of global warming is either considered due to human activity or natural causes. Although the earth’s climate and temperatures have changed, that does not mean it is humanly caused. Despite the pretense linking the association between man and global warming, which is heavily supported by consensus of scientists, eco-sensitive politicians, and the effort to restrictRead MoreThe Debate Over Global Warming1063 Words   |  5 Pagesclimate change debate has been ongoing for nearly thirty years now, the debate is over the causation(s) of global warming. Temperatures on earth have increased approximately 2.0 °F since the early 20th century. Levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane have drastically increased within the atmosphere. Both sides within the debate surrounding global climate change can agree on these points. However; disagree on a number of other possible causations of global warming. Even though thereRead MoreThe Debate Over Global Warming Essay1249 Words   |  5 PagesAs the threat posed by global warming continues to mount, there has been much debate over how to stem the rise in global temperatures. Nearly all experts agree that the primary driver of global warming has been human activity. Over the last century and a half, human activity has released immense amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, altering the Earth’s climate. Yet, although there is a pressing need to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels, it is impossible toRead MoreThe Debate Over Global Warming2192 Words   |  9 Pagesown thoughts about global warming, it’s not real or it’s too late for humans to fix the issue, the list goes on. The global warming debate would not be so heated if it didn t involve politics and it just reverted back to simple science. With many people looking to blame someone or something it’s hard for politics and science not to collide. Below i will focus on how politics are lacking in effort to stop global warming between the huge oil companies having more influence over the government, toRead MoreThe Debate Over Global Warming1159 Words   |  5 Pages The date is 450 years into the future. The calendar reads March 1st, 2465. The world is much different than how it was 400, 500 years ago. Your know those warnings scientists have been crying out for years about global warming? Well, they were true, and their effects were much more severe than anticipated†¦ Johanna is 15 years old. She lives in Kansas City, but this Kansas isn’t the one that our readers from the past may know. This Kansas is more like an island, surrounded by water on all sidesRead MoreGlobal Warming: Fallacy or Truth Essays1142 Words   |  5 PagesOver 35 years ago, climatologist Wally Broecker coined the term global warming in a paper outlining the trends that he was noticing with temperature and C02 levels (Stefan). Ever since then, the debate has heated up on the controversy of global warming. Politicians have even used the issue to boost their campaigns. Some question whether the earth’s temperature is rising at an unusual rate. Scientists perform experiments from glacial ice to observe the correlation between carbon dioxide levels andRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects On The World1074 Words   |  5 PagesIt would be a rare week indeed without hearing about global warming on the television or radio, or reading about it in the newspaper or a n online blog. There have been many opinions from an abundance of points of view on the subject. Scientists, politicians, and environmentalists have all weighed in on the debate, and each of them is passionate about their beliefs. Some issues brought about due to global warming are polar ice caps melting, glaciers receding more and more each year, and risingRead MoreGlobal Warming Has Become A National Distraction1071 Words   |  5 PagesIt would be a rare week indeed without hearing about global warming on the television or radio, or reading about it in a magazine or an online blog. There have been many opinions from an abundance of points of view on the subject. Scientists, politicians, and environmentalists have all weighed in on the debate, and each of them is passionate about their beliefs. Some issues brought about due to global warming are polar ice caps melting, glaciers receding more and more each year, and rising oceanRead MoreGlobal Warming: Fact or Fiction1089 Wo rds   |  5 PagesGlobal Warming: Fact or Fiction Lower Capstone – Unit 3 Independent Project Rozlynn Mundy American InterContinental University Online July 4, 2010 Title: Global Warming: Fact or Fiction Abstract Introduction I. Overview of Global Warming A. Signs of global warming a. Support b. Skepticism II. Effects of Global Warming A. Contributors to global a. Manmade b. Natural Summary Abstract The information found in this paper is designed to raiseRead MoreHuman Activity Is Responsible For Our Current Warming Trend1598 Words   |  7 PagesHumans Are To Blame The biggest problem with climate change today is the debate on whether or not human activity is responsible for our current warming trend. According to Jonathon Schuldt (2014:219), around 99.7% of climatologists agree that man-made climate change is a reality, while only 40% of Americans believe that humans are the main driver. This is because we live in societies in which, thanks largely to the internet, everyone is free to express an opinion. On the issue of climate change

Essay On Colonialism In The Tempest - 1624 Words

As Shakespeare’s final play, The Tempest, holds phenomenal value. In his writing, Shakespeare often included contemporary issues of his time. In Hamlet, for example, the idea of a King dying was an important notion. This was drawn from the belief that a King got his authority from God, so if he died nature would become unbalanced and disturbed. In The Tempest, he included his supportive views of colonialism into his writing. Centuries later, Aimà © Cà ©saire made an adaptation of Shakespeare’s The Tempest, to create a direct critique of colonialism’s effects. Although both writers present viewpoints in regards to colonialism, Cà ©saire’s adaptation, â€Å"A Tempest†, possesses a better argument supportive of the author’s views. Cà ©saire’s, â€Å"A†¦show more content†¦In an acting of mocking, Prospero tells Caliban; â€Å"Cannibal would suit you† (page 20 Cà ©saire). A more contemporary audience, like that of wh ich Cà ©saire is aiming towards, would be much more likely to recognize the relationship between the words Caliban and cannibal being so casually used in the play. Thus, the usage of overemphasizing this irony helps critique the absurdity behinds its origins, and then to critique the treatment of indigenous colored people as a whole. This attack on racism and derogative representations towards indigenous people, help exacerbate Cà ©saire’s critique. One of the biggest ways Cà ©saire attempts to make Caliban sympathetic is in the beginning of Act 3. In act 3 of A Tempest, Caliban breaks an important literary element and tradition of plays during Shakespearian time, Caliban breaks the fourth wall. This is something Shakespeare never would have attempted. Caliban speaks directly to the audience, which helps establish a connection between the character and the audience. This technique is a brilliant was to support her claims, since Shakespeare would have considered this act a taboo. This is, therefore, another example of dramatic irony that the audience would have picked up on. Additionally, Cà ©saire strays away from Shakespeare through having the cast wear masks. As a result, this would help the audience be disassociated and alienated to the characters, to an extent. Consequently, as aShow MoreRelated The Theme of Colonialism in Shakespeares Tempest Essay example2636 Words   |  11 Pages The Tempest, by Shakespeare, offers t he reader a variety of themes. The one theme that stands out the most is that of colonialism. During the time of Shakespeare, many European countries such as Spain, France, and England, were expanding their borders by taking over less developed countries, referred to as colonies. During this time of exploitation, there was skepticism concerning the possible success of the colonies. While some scholars believe that the play is about the Americas, I argue thatRead MoreEssay on Imperialism and Colonialism in Shakespeare ´s The Tempest943 Words   |  4 PagesThe Tempest was Shakespeare’s last play that was written shortly after England colonized Virginia in 1609. Throughout the play, there are many different references to imperialism and colonialism within the characters. The Tempest analyzes the imperialistic relationships between England and America but applies it to personal human interaction between the central characters. The island gives newcomers a sense of endless po ssibilities like claiming the land for themselves because of the belief in theRead More tempcolon Confronting Colonialism and Imperialism in Aime Cesaires A Tempest1403 Words   |  6 PagesConfronting Colonialism in A Tempest   Ã‚  Ã‚   A Tempest by Aime Cesaire is an attempt to confront and rewrite the idea of colonialism as presented in Shakespeare’s The Tempest.   He is successful at this attempt by changing the point of view of the story.   Cesaire transforms the characters and transposes the scenes to reveal Shakespeare’s Prospero as the exploitative European power and Caliban and Ariel as the exploited natives.   Cesaire’s A Tempest is an effective response to Shakespeare’s The TempestRead More tempcolon Comparing Language in Shakespeares Tempest and Aime Cesaires A Tempest892 Words   |  4 PagesColonial Language in Shakespeares The Tempest and Aime Cesaires A Tempest      Ã‚  Ã‚   Language and literature are the most subtle and seductive tools of domination. They gradually shape thoughts and attitudes on an almost subconscious level. Perhaps Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak states this condition most succinctly in her essay The Burden of English when she writes, Literature buys your assent in an almost clandestine way...for good or ill, as medicine or poison, perhaps always a bit of both(137)Read MoreThe Tempest Critical Analysis1029 Words   |  5 Pagesone’s ability to defy and transcend contextual limitations. The prescribed text, William Shakespeare’s dramatic tragicomedy â€Å"The Tempest† (1619) exhibits the physical discovery of a new world, fostering renewed intellectual and emotional understandings in relation to the construct of power in a microcosmic manner. This is further demonstrated through George Orwell’s essay â€Å"Marrakech† (1939), which recounts the poverty in corrupt Colonialist Morocco amidst th e Second World War and presents the intellectualRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe And William Shakespeare s The Tempest1417 Words   |  6 PagesRoughly based on personal encounters Joseph Conrad uses Heart of Darkness to comment on the negative aspects of colonialism. Colonialism by definition is, â€Å"the policy and practice of a power in extending control over weaker peoples or areas.† In the novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe and William Shakespeare’s play The Tempest, colonialism plays a significant role in the break down of humans. The conquerors in both stories disregard the natives believing that they are working towards the greaterRead More European Colonization in Shakespeares The Tempest Essay1279 Words   |  6 PagesNo Critique of European Colonization in The Tempest      Since the 1960s, several critics have found a critique of colonialism in their respective readings of Shakespeares The Tempest. The most radical of these analyses takes Prospero to be a European invader of the magical but primitive land that he comes to rule, using his superior knowledge to enslave its original inhabitants, most notably Caliban, and forcing them to do his bidding. While the textual clues concerning the geographic locationRead MoreEssay on Post Colonial Interpretations of Shakespeare’s The Tempest1908 Words   |  8 PagesPost Colonial Interpretations of Shakespeare’s The Tempest â€Å"†¦do we really expect, amidst this ruin and undoing of our life, that any is yet left a free and uncorrupted judge of great things and things which reads to eternity; and that we are not downright bribed by our desire to better ourselves?† – Longinus Since the seventeenth century many interpretations and criticisms of William Shakespeare’s The Tempest have been recorded. Yet, since the play is widely symbolical and allegorical Shakespeare’sRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Tempest1267 Words   |  6 Pagesand whimsy, incorporating both fiction and nonfiction elements. One trademark of Shakespeare s plays were the subtle allusions to the concurrent events in the English government. This is evident in his well known and final play, The Tempest. The story of The Tempest tells the tale of Prospero, a fallen duke forced to live on a desolate island in exile. He intends to regain his dukedom and seek revenge upon those who wronged him. During his time on the island, Prospero masters the power of illusionRead MoreThe Selfish Act Of Colonialism : A Nascent Of English Colonialism1741 Words   |  7 PagesOn answering the question, â€Å"To what extent is The Tempest â€Å"about† nascent English colonial?† I would say that this Shakespearean play is completely a nascent of English colonialism, because it’s plot is based around colonialism. The story describes white men inhabiting an island and proceed to fight for control, without any input by the natives. What makes this a story specifically about nascent English colonialism is the alluding fact that humans are power hungry, which will prove to be true within

Case Study Barings Free Essays

string(169) " in Japan caused a steep drop in the Nikkei 225 equity index , however, Leeson’s unauthorised trading positions suffered huge losses and his operation unravelled\." Summary: One of the most infamous tales of financial demise is that of Barings Bank. Trader Nick Leeson was supposed to be exploiting low-risk arbitrage opportunities that would leverage price low rage differences in similar equity derivatives on the Singapore Money Exchange (Simex) and the Osaka exchange. In fact, he was taking much riskier positions by buying and selling different amounts of the contracts on the two exchanges or buying and selling contracts of different types. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study Barings or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thanks to the lax attitude of senior management, Leeson was given control over both the trading and back office functions. As Leeson’s losses mounted, he increased his bets. However, after an earthquake in Japan after caused the Nikkei Index to drop sharply, the losses increased rapidly, with Leeson’s positions going more than $1 billion into the red. This was too much for the bank to sustain; in March of 1995, it was purchased by the Dutch b bank ING for just one pound sterling. Overview: Barings Bank had a long history of success and was much respected as the UK’s oldest d merchant bank. But in February of 1995, this highly regarded bank, with $900 million in capital, was bankrupted by $1 billion of unauthorised trading losses. In 1993, Nick Leeson was appointed general manager of the bank’s Barings Futures subsidiary appointed in Singapore. In this capacity, he was able to conceal his unauthorised trading activities for over a year because he managed both the trading and back office functions. The senior managers at a Barings came primarily from a merchant banking background and knew very little about trading. Even in the face of large profits, which should have tipped management off to the fact that substantial risks were being taken, they continued to believe that Leeson held matched Leeson positions on the Singapore International Monetary Exchange (Simex) and the Osaka exchange, and hence was making a low-risk profit. low In fact, Leeson was trading derivatives contracts on the two exchanges that were, in some cases, of different types and, in some cases, in mismatched amounts. For example, Leeson rent executed a trading strategy known as a â€Å"straddle,† with the objective of making a profit by selling put and call options on the same underlying financial instrument, in this case, the Nikkei th 225 Index. A straddle will generally produce positive earnings when markets are stable but can result in large losses if markets are volatile. Leeson created an error account numbered 88888 as a holding area for any premiums or losses that he made. Leeson claims that he initially opened the account to conceal a single loss of e. 0,000 pounds sterling that had resulted from an accounting error until he could make up the difference through trading. However, he continued booking various losses into the account and also continued to increase his volume of trading and level of risk taking. Leeson took unauthorized speculative positions primarily in futures linked to the Nikkei 225 and Japanese government bonds (JGB) as well as options on the Nikkei. He hid his t rading in an unused BSS error account, number 88888. Exactly why Leeson was speculating is unclear. He claims that he originally used the 88888 account to hide some embarrassing losses resulting from mistakes made by his traders. However, Leeson started actively trading in the 88888 account almost as soon as he arrived in Singapore. The sheer volume of his trading suggests a simple desire to speculate. He lost money from the beginning. Increasing his bets only made him lose more money. By the end of 1992, the 88888 account was under water by about GBP 2 million. A year later, this had mushroomed to GBP 23 million. By the end of 1994, Leeson’s 88888 account had lost a total of GBP 208 million. Barings management remained blithely unaware. On February 23, 1995, Nick Leeson hopped on a plane to Kuala Lumpur leaving behind a GBP 827 million hole in the Barings balance sheet. As a trader, Leeson had extremely bad luck. By mid February 1995, he had accumulated an enormous position—half the open interest in the Nikkei future and 85% of the open interest in the JGB future. The market was aware of this and probably traded against him. Prior to 1995, however, he just made consistently bad bets. The fact that he was so unlucky shouldn’t be too much of a surprise. If he hadn’t been so misfortunate, we probably wouldn’t have ever heard of him. Traders sometimes speculate without authorization. Presumably, a few are able to cover their tracks. Others are caught. When they are caught, they are fired, and their employer eats the loss. Usually, neither the trader nor his employer has any interest in publicizing the incident. Leeson made headlines precisely because he was so unlucky. By the time he was discovered, he had bankrupted his employer. Publicity was unavoidable. What is amazing about Leeson’s activities is the fact that he was able to accumulate such staggering losses without Barings’ management noticing. As Leeson lost money, he had to pay those losses to SIMEX in the form of margin. Leeson needed cash. By falsifying accounts and making various misrepresentations, he was able to secure funding from various companies within the Barings organization and from client accounts. His misrepresentations were flimsy at best. For example, he claimed that he needed funds to make margin payments on behalf of BSS clients, and he gave a technical argument related to how the SIMEX collected margin as justification. This claim was false. It was actually against SIMEX rules for a broker to post its own money as margin for a client. Even if the claim were true, the funds would have been needed only temporarily—until the client could make payment. Instead, Leeson continued to ask for ever more funding. Leeson increased the size of his open positions even as his losses increased due to volatility in the markets. When an earthquake in Japan caused a steep drop in the Nikkei 225 equity index , however, Leeson’s unauthorised trading positions suffered huge losses and his operation unravelled. You read "Case Study Barings" in category "Free Case study samples" On March 3, 1995, the Dutch bank ING purchased Barings for 1 pound sterling, providing the final chapter in the story of the 223-year-old bank that had once helped the United States to finance the Louisiana purchase. The beginning of the end occurred on January 16, 1995, when Leeson placed a short straddle (an options trading strategy) in the Singapore and Tokyo stock exchanges, essentially betting that the Japanese stock market would not move significantly overnight. However, the Kobe earthquake hit early in the morning on January 17, sending Asian markets, and Leeson’s investments, into a tailspin. Leeson attempted to recoup his losses by making a series of increasingly risky new investments, this time betting that the Nikkei Stock Average would make a rapid recovery. But the recovery failed to materialize, and he succeeded only in digging a deeper hole. Realizing the gravity of the situation, Leeson left a note reading â€Å"I’m Sorry† and fled. Losses eventually reached ?827 million ($1. 4 billion at then-prevailing exchange rates), then prevailing twice the bank’s available trading capital. This led to the bank’s collapse. After fleeing to Malaysia, Brunei and finally Germany, Leeson was arrested and extradited back to Singapore on March 2, 1995. While he had authorization for the January 16 short straddle, he was charged with raud for deceiving his superiors about the riskiness of his activities and the scale of his losses, although some observers (and Leeson himself) have place much of the placed blame on the bank’s own deficient internal auditing and risk management practices. Sentenced to six and a half years in jail in Singapore, he was released from prison in 1999, having been diagnosed with colon cancer , which he has survived despite grim forecasts at the time. While in despite prison, in 1996, Leeson published an autobiography, Rogue Trader, detailing his acts. There may be a temptation to view this debacle as being caused by just one individual – the â€Å"rogue trader† – but in reality the fiasco should be attributed to the underlying structure of the firm, and particularly to the lack of internal checks and balances. Events: 1993: Nick Leeson becomes general manager of Barings Futures (Singapore), running the bank’s Simex (Singapore International Monetary Exchange) activities. January 1994: By this date (at the latest), Leeson started selling put and call options on the Nikkei 225 equity index, placing the premiums earned into an error account number 88888. This strategy, known as a straddle, is essentially a bet on the stability of market prices. 24 February 1994: A memorandum from the Barings’ asset and liability committee values the 4 options portfolio at 2. 8 billion yen. July 1994 – August 1994: James Baker, an internal auditor, spends two weeks in Singapore investigating the immense profits being made there. Baker identifies the weakness of internal controls and recommends that the general manager should no longer be responsible for the back office. In response, a separate financial manager in Hong Kong is given part part-time responsibility for watching over the back office. ng August 1994: In an attempt to better evaluate its overall risk, Barings sets up an integrated Group Treasury and Risk function, reporting to a new asset and liability committee (Alco). December 1994: A later Barings investigation reveals that, for unknown reasons, Leeson has run up an accrued loss amounting to Y7. 7 billion on the account by the end of 1994. 23 January 1995: The Nikkei 225 drops by 1000 points after an earthquake hits Japan’s industrial heartland. 6 January 1995: The London futures team gives Barings’ Alco Committee a presentation on the Baring Futures (Singapore) operation, which states that Leeson is operating a perfectly perfectl matched book – long in Osaka, but short to the same amount on Simex. 8 February 1995: Coopers Lybrand decides to hold off signing off on Barings’ accounts until it becomes possibl e to clear up a few points with Leeson. 23 February 1995: At close of trading, the error account contains 55,399 Nikkei contracts trading, expiring in March and 5640 expiring in June. As of February 25, this totalled a loss of 59 billion yen on Simex. 24 February 1995: The Barings Board meets to discuss a hastily prepared analysis of the hastily-prepared transactions in Account 88888. March 1995: The Dutch Bank ING agrees to purchase Barings for 1 pound and assume all of its liabilities (Bull, 1995). Lessons to be Learned: Lack of internal checks and balances Even when segregation of duties was suggested by internal audit, the concentration of power in the Leeson’s hands was scarcely diluted. Lack of understanding of the business. If Barings’ auditors and top management had understood the trading business, they would have realised that it was not possible for Leeson to be making the profits that he was reporting without taking on undue risk, and they might have questioned where the money was coming from. Arbitrage is supposed to be a low risk, and hence low profit, business, so Leeson’s large m. profits should have inspired alarm rather than praise. Given that arbitrage should be cash cashneutral or cash-rich, additional alarms should have gone off as the Bank wired hundreds of rich, millions of dollars to Singapore. Poor supervision of employees Although Leeson had never held a trading license prior to his arrival in Singapore, there was little oversight of his activities and no individual was directly responsible for monitoring his trading strategies. Lack of a clear reporting line Leeson’s fraud may have been facilitated by the confusion caused by two reporting lines: one to London, for proprietary trading, and another to Tokyo for trading on behalf of customers. customer Allikas: http://www. erisk. com/Learning/CaseStudies/ref_case_barings. asp Kusimused: 1. Millist kauplemisstrateegiat Nick Leeson oma ulemustele teadaolevalt kasutas? Kuidas selle strateegiaga teoreetiliselt raha on voimalik teenida? 2. Millist kauplemisstrateegiat Nick Leeson tegelikult kasutas? Kuidas selle strateegiaga teoreetiliselt raha on voimalik teenida? 3. Mis on back-office funktsioonid? 4. Mis sundmus sai Barings pangale saatuslikuks? Mis selle tulemusel juhtus Leesoni positsioonidega? 5. Mis olid pohjused (mida tehti valesti), et kaesolev Baringsi case sai uldse juhtuda (5 pohjust)? 6. Milliseid eetilisi noudeid Nick Leeson oma tegutsemisega rikkus ning kuidas oleks tulnud korrektselt kaituda? How to cite Case Study Barings, Free Case study samples

Case Study Barings Free Essays

string(169) " in Japan caused a steep drop in the Nikkei 225 equity index , however, Leeson’s unauthorised trading positions suffered huge losses and his operation unravelled\." Summary: One of the most infamous tales of financial demise is that of Barings Bank. Trader Nick Leeson was supposed to be exploiting low-risk arbitrage opportunities that would leverage price low rage differences in similar equity derivatives on the Singapore Money Exchange (Simex) and the Osaka exchange. In fact, he was taking much riskier positions by buying and selling different amounts of the contracts on the two exchanges or buying and selling contracts of different types. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study Barings or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thanks to the lax attitude of senior management, Leeson was given control over both the trading and back office functions. As Leeson’s losses mounted, he increased his bets. However, after an earthquake in Japan after caused the Nikkei Index to drop sharply, the losses increased rapidly, with Leeson’s positions going more than $1 billion into the red. This was too much for the bank to sustain; in March of 1995, it was purchased by the Dutch b bank ING for just one pound sterling. Overview: Barings Bank had a long history of success and was much respected as the UK’s oldest d merchant bank. But in February of 1995, this highly regarded bank, with $900 million in capital, was bankrupted by $1 billion of unauthorised trading losses. In 1993, Nick Leeson was appointed general manager of the bank’s Barings Futures subsidiary appointed in Singapore. In this capacity, he was able to conceal his unauthorised trading activities for over a year because he managed both the trading and back office functions. The senior managers at a Barings came primarily from a merchant banking background and knew very little about trading. Even in the face of large profits, which should have tipped management off to the fact that substantial risks were being taken, they continued to believe that Leeson held matched Leeson positions on the Singapore International Monetary Exchange (Simex) and the Osaka exchange, and hence was making a low-risk profit. low In fact, Leeson was trading derivatives contracts on the two exchanges that were, in some cases, of different types and, in some cases, in mismatched amounts. For example, Leeson rent executed a trading strategy known as a â€Å"straddle,† with the objective of making a profit by selling put and call options on the same underlying financial instrument, in this case, the Nikkei th 225 Index. A straddle will generally produce positive earnings when markets are stable but can result in large losses if markets are volatile. Leeson created an error account numbered 88888 as a holding area for any premiums or losses that he made. Leeson claims that he initially opened the account to conceal a single loss of e. 0,000 pounds sterling that had resulted from an accounting error until he could make up the difference through trading. However, he continued booking various losses into the account and also continued to increase his volume of trading and level of risk taking. Leeson took unauthorized speculative positions primarily in futures linked to the Nikkei 225 and Japanese government bonds (JGB) as well as options on the Nikkei. He hid his t rading in an unused BSS error account, number 88888. Exactly why Leeson was speculating is unclear. He claims that he originally used the 88888 account to hide some embarrassing losses resulting from mistakes made by his traders. However, Leeson started actively trading in the 88888 account almost as soon as he arrived in Singapore. The sheer volume of his trading suggests a simple desire to speculate. He lost money from the beginning. Increasing his bets only made him lose more money. By the end of 1992, the 88888 account was under water by about GBP 2 million. A year later, this had mushroomed to GBP 23 million. By the end of 1994, Leeson’s 88888 account had lost a total of GBP 208 million. Barings management remained blithely unaware. On February 23, 1995, Nick Leeson hopped on a plane to Kuala Lumpur leaving behind a GBP 827 million hole in the Barings balance sheet. As a trader, Leeson had extremely bad luck. By mid February 1995, he had accumulated an enormous position—half the open interest in the Nikkei future and 85% of the open interest in the JGB future. The market was aware of this and probably traded against him. Prior to 1995, however, he just made consistently bad bets. The fact that he was so unlucky shouldn’t be too much of a surprise. If he hadn’t been so misfortunate, we probably wouldn’t have ever heard of him. Traders sometimes speculate without authorization. Presumably, a few are able to cover their tracks. Others are caught. When they are caught, they are fired, and their employer eats the loss. Usually, neither the trader nor his employer has any interest in publicizing the incident. Leeson made headlines precisely because he was so unlucky. By the time he was discovered, he had bankrupted his employer. Publicity was unavoidable. What is amazing about Leeson’s activities is the fact that he was able to accumulate such staggering losses without Barings’ management noticing. As Leeson lost money, he had to pay those losses to SIMEX in the form of margin. Leeson needed cash. By falsifying accounts and making various misrepresentations, he was able to secure funding from various companies within the Barings organization and from client accounts. His misrepresentations were flimsy at best. For example, he claimed that he needed funds to make margin payments on behalf of BSS clients, and he gave a technical argument related to how the SIMEX collected margin as justification. This claim was false. It was actually against SIMEX rules for a broker to post its own money as margin for a client. Even if the claim were true, the funds would have been needed only temporarily—until the client could make payment. Instead, Leeson continued to ask for ever more funding. Leeson increased the size of his open positions even as his losses increased due to volatility in the markets. When an earthquake in Japan caused a steep drop in the Nikkei 225 equity index , however, Leeson’s unauthorised trading positions suffered huge losses and his operation unravelled. You read "Case Study Barings" in category "Free Case study samples" On March 3, 1995, the Dutch bank ING purchased Barings for 1 pound sterling, providing the final chapter in the story of the 223-year-old bank that had once helped the United States to finance the Louisiana purchase. The beginning of the end occurred on January 16, 1995, when Leeson placed a short straddle (an options trading strategy) in the Singapore and Tokyo stock exchanges, essentially betting that the Japanese stock market would not move significantly overnight. However, the Kobe earthquake hit early in the morning on January 17, sending Asian markets, and Leeson’s investments, into a tailspin. Leeson attempted to recoup his losses by making a series of increasingly risky new investments, this time betting that the Nikkei Stock Average would make a rapid recovery. But the recovery failed to materialize, and he succeeded only in digging a deeper hole. Realizing the gravity of the situation, Leeson left a note reading â€Å"I’m Sorry† and fled. Losses eventually reached ?827 million ($1. 4 billion at then-prevailing exchange rates), then prevailing twice the bank’s available trading capital. This led to the bank’s collapse. After fleeing to Malaysia, Brunei and finally Germany, Leeson was arrested and extradited back to Singapore on March 2, 1995. While he had authorization for the January 16 short straddle, he was charged with raud for deceiving his superiors about the riskiness of his activities and the scale of his losses, although some observers (and Leeson himself) have place much of the placed blame on the bank’s own deficient internal auditing and risk management practices. Sentenced to six and a half years in jail in Singapore, he was released from prison in 1999, having been diagnosed with colon cancer , which he has survived despite grim forecasts at the time. While in despite prison, in 1996, Leeson published an autobiography, Rogue Trader, detailing his acts. There may be a temptation to view this debacle as being caused by just one individual – the â€Å"rogue trader† – but in reality the fiasco should be attributed to the underlying structure of the firm, and particularly to the lack of internal checks and balances. Events: 1993: Nick Leeson becomes general manager of Barings Futures (Singapore), running the bank’s Simex (Singapore International Monetary Exchange) activities. January 1994: By this date (at the latest), Leeson started selling put and call options on the Nikkei 225 equity index, placing the premiums earned into an error account number 88888. This strategy, known as a straddle, is essentially a bet on the stability of market prices. 24 February 1994: A memorandum from the Barings’ asset and liability committee values the 4 options portfolio at 2. 8 billion yen. July 1994 – August 1994: James Baker, an internal auditor, spends two weeks in Singapore investigating the immense profits being made there. Baker identifies the weakness of internal controls and recommends that the general manager should no longer be responsible for the back office. In response, a separate financial manager in Hong Kong is given part part-time responsibility for watching over the back office. ng August 1994: In an attempt to better evaluate its overall risk, Barings sets up an integrated Group Treasury and Risk function, reporting to a new asset and liability committee (Alco). December 1994: A later Barings investigation reveals that, for unknown reasons, Leeson has run up an accrued loss amounting to Y7. 7 billion on the account by the end of 1994. 23 January 1995: The Nikkei 225 drops by 1000 points after an earthquake hits Japan’s industrial heartland. 6 January 1995: The London futures team gives Barings’ Alco Committee a presentation on the Baring Futures (Singapore) operation, which states that Leeson is operating a perfectly perfectl matched book – long in Osaka, but short to the same amount on Simex. 8 February 1995: Coopers Lybrand decides to hold off signing off on Barings’ accounts until it becomes possibl e to clear up a few points with Leeson. 23 February 1995: At close of trading, the error account contains 55,399 Nikkei contracts trading, expiring in March and 5640 expiring in June. As of February 25, this totalled a loss of 59 billion yen on Simex. 24 February 1995: The Barings Board meets to discuss a hastily prepared analysis of the hastily-prepared transactions in Account 88888. March 1995: The Dutch Bank ING agrees to purchase Barings for 1 pound and assume all of its liabilities (Bull, 1995). Lessons to be Learned: Lack of internal checks and balances Even when segregation of duties was suggested by internal audit, the concentration of power in the Leeson’s hands was scarcely diluted. Lack of understanding of the business. If Barings’ auditors and top management had understood the trading business, they would have realised that it was not possible for Leeson to be making the profits that he was reporting without taking on undue risk, and they might have questioned where the money was coming from. Arbitrage is supposed to be a low risk, and hence low profit, business, so Leeson’s large m. profits should have inspired alarm rather than praise. Given that arbitrage should be cash cashneutral or cash-rich, additional alarms should have gone off as the Bank wired hundreds of rich, millions of dollars to Singapore. Poor supervision of employees Although Leeson had never held a trading license prior to his arrival in Singapore, there was little oversight of his activities and no individual was directly responsible for monitoring his trading strategies. Lack of a clear reporting line Leeson’s fraud may have been facilitated by the confusion caused by two reporting lines: one to London, for proprietary trading, and another to Tokyo for trading on behalf of customers. customer Allikas: http://www. erisk. com/Learning/CaseStudies/ref_case_barings. asp Kusimused: 1. Millist kauplemisstrateegiat Nick Leeson oma ulemustele teadaolevalt kasutas? Kuidas selle strateegiaga teoreetiliselt raha on voimalik teenida? 2. Millist kauplemisstrateegiat Nick Leeson tegelikult kasutas? Kuidas selle strateegiaga teoreetiliselt raha on voimalik teenida? 3. Mis on back-office funktsioonid? 4. Mis sundmus sai Barings pangale saatuslikuks? Mis selle tulemusel juhtus Leesoni positsioonidega? 5. Mis olid pohjused (mida tehti valesti), et kaesolev Baringsi case sai uldse juhtuda (5 pohjust)? 6. Milliseid eetilisi noudeid Nick Leeson oma tegutsemisega rikkus ning kuidas oleks tulnud korrektselt kaituda? How to cite Case Study Barings, Free Case study samples